In the industry of logistics and transportation, the importance of ensuring the safe, efficient, and cost-effective transfer of liquids is paramount. This is where the ISO tank container, a pivotal asset in the transportation of liquids, plays a crucial role. ISO tank containers offer a versatile solution for shipping various types of liquids, including chemicals, food-grade products, and gasses like LNG. This article explores the various aspects of ISO tank containers, from their basic definitions and uses to specific types, benefits, and considerations for choosing the right container.
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What is an ISO Tank Container?
An ISO tank container, often simply called an ISO tank, is a stainless steel container held within a 20-foot ISO frame that meets the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) standards. These robust containers ensure consistent dimensions and fittings meaning the container is safe, reliable, and suitable for multiple transportation modes including ship, rail, and road. ISO tanks are specifically designed to securely store and transport liquids and gasses, minimizing the risk of leaks and spills during transit.
Uses of ISO Tank Containers
ISO tank containers are highly valued for their versatility and efficiency. They are commonly used to transport:
- Liquids: From non-hazardous products like water, juices, and oils to hazardous chemicals and fuels, ISO tanks can handle a wide range of liquids.
- Gasses: Liquefied natural gas (LNG), industrial gasses like oxygen and nitrogen, and even compressed natural gas (CNG) can be safely transported in specially designed ISO tank containers.
- Powders and Granules: Food-grade powders like flour and sugar, as well as plastic pellets and other dry bulk materials, can be efficiently transported using ISO tanks with special loading and unloading features.
Their ability to maintain specific temperatures and control conditions makes them ideal for sensitive products, ensuring that they reach their destination in optimal conditions.
What Liquids Can Be Carried by an ISO Tank?
The specific types of liquids suitable for ISO tank containers depend on the tank&#;s internal lining and pressure rating. Here&#;s a breakdown:
- Food-grade liquids: Stainless steel tanks with a food-grade lining are ideal for transporting edible liquids like beverages, oils, and syrups.
- Chemicals: Depending on the specific chemical, tanks with different linings (e.g., epoxy) and pressure ratings are used for safe and compliant transportation.
- Hazardous materials: ISO tanks designed and certified for hazardous materials adhere to strict regulations and incorporate additional safety features.
- LNG (Liquefied Natural Gas): The use of ISO tanks for LNG is particularly noteworthy as they are equipped with super insulation to handle the cryogenic nature of liquefied gasses. This makes ISO tanks an excellent choice for transporting LNG because of their safety features and ability to maintain the very low temperatures required to keep the gas in liquid form.
Benefits of ISO Tank Containers
ISO tank containers offer several advantages over other forms of bulk transport:
- Safety and Security: These containers are constructed with robust materials like stainless steel, providing a secure environment for transporting hazardous chemicals. They are leak-proof and equipped with safety valves, reducing the risk of spills and leaks during transit
- International Approval and Quality Assurance: ISO tank containers are internationally approved and come with quality assurance, ensuring their reliability and safety during transportation.
- Cost-effectiveness: Their ability to be reused, their durability, and their economies of scale reduce handling costs and make them a cost-effective option for long-term and repeat use.
- Environmental Impact: ISO tank containers are designed to combat product spillage and leakage, especially during long journeys, reducing fuel consumption and carbon dioxide emissions by up to 70%. They contribute to environmental sustainability by minimizing the risk of spills and leaks.
- Efficiency: Their standardized dimensions allow for easy handling and transfer between different modes of transport, reducing downtime and making them a convenient option for transporting liquids.
- Versatility and Compatibility: ISO tank containers are versatile and capable of transporting a wide range of chemicals, reducing the need for multiple types of transportation equipment. They are compatible with various types of chemicals, endure extreme conditions, and are available in different sizes to meet diverse transport requirements.
Types of ISO Tank Containers
There are several types of ISO tank containers tailored to meet specific needs, industry standards, and regulations, ensuring the safe and secure transport of liquids. Here are the ISO tank container types available:
- Reefer Tanks: Equipped with powerful refrigeration units, these tanks are essential for transporting perishable liquids like juices, dairy products, and pharmaceuticals. They can maintain consistent low temperatures to ensure cargo freshness and safety.
- Gas Tanks: Designed with robust construction and specific safety features, these tanks are suitable for the safe carriage of various gasses, including liquefied natural gas (LNG), industrial gasses like oxygen and nitrogen, and even compressed natural gas (CNG).
- Silo Tanks: Intended for powders or grain transport, these tanks often resemble silos and incorporate features like pressure relief valves and filling hatches on top for efficient loading and unloading. They may also have internal compartments or dividers to accommodate different types of dry bulk cargo.
- Food-Grade Tanks: These tanks are specifically designed to meet stringent hygiene standards for transporting edible liquids like beverages, oils, syrups, and even some dry bulk food items like flour or sugar. They typically feature a smooth, corrosion-resistant stainless steel interior and may have a special non-porous lining to prevent contamination and ensure product quality.
Moreover, ISO tanks are further categorized based on their purposes such as:
- T1 ISO tank: Designed for light liquid transport.
- T4 ISO tank: Suitable for non-hazardous edible and non-edible oils.
- T11 ISO tank: Certified for non-hazardous chemical transport.
- T14 ISO tank: Specifically for hazardous chemicals.
- T50 ISO tank: Used for liquefied petroleum gas and ammonia gas transport.
- T75 ISO tank: Tailored for liquefied gas transportation.
- Rubber-lined ISO tank: Constructed for acid-based chemical transport.
Sizes and Capacity of ISO Tank Containers
ISO tank containers typically come in the size of a standard 20-foot shipping container but can vary in capacity (typically 20ft or 40ft long, 8ft wide, and 8ft or 9ft high). Most tanks have capacities ranging from 14,000 to 26,000 liters, providing ample space for large-scale liquid transport. The specific size and capacity will depend on the liquid type, the required transport conditions, and regulatory requirements.
ISO Tanks vs Flexitanks
When comparing ISO tanks to flexitanks, several differences become apparent although both are used for transporting liquids. Flexitanks are a cost-effective, one-time-use option suitable for non-hazardous liquids. They are essentially large bags installed in conventional shipping containers. However, ISO tanks are more expensive than flexitanks but offer greater durability and versatility.
While flexitanks can be a good option for certain shipments, ISO tanks which are made from stainless steel, are preferable for long-distance transportation containing hazardous materials, high-volume shipments, repeated use, and where maintaining specific conditions is crucial.
How to Choose the Right ISO Tank Container
The versatility of ISO tank containers makes them a popular choice for transporting a wide range of bulk cargo. However, with various types and configurations available, choosing the right ISO tank can seem overwhelming. Here&#;s a comprehensive guide to help you select the ideal container for your specific needs:
1. Identify Your Cargo
- Type of product: The first step is to determine the exact product you&#;ll be transporting. This includes considering its physical state (liquid, gas, powder), any hazardous properties, and temperature sensitivity.
- Volume and weight: Knowing the total volume and weight of your cargo is crucial. This will help you choose an ISO tank with the appropriate capacity and weight limitations.
2. Consider Compatibility
- Tank lining: Depending on your cargo, a specific tank lining might be necessary. For example, food-grade liquids require a non-porous lining to prevent contamination, while some chemicals might necessitate an epoxy lining for optimal compatibility.
- Pressure rating: Certain liquids, especially hazardous materials or gasses, require tanks designed to withstand specific internal pressure levels.
3. Evaluate Your Journey
- Transportation mode: Will your ISO tank be transported primarily by truck, train, or ship? Intermodal compatibility is essential if your journey involves multiple modes of transport.
- Temperature control: For temperature-sensitive products, choose a refrigerated or heated ISO tank to maintain optimal conditions throughout the journey.
4. Think about Additional Features
- Loading and unloading: Depending on your cargo and facilities, specific features like top discharge hatches or bottom outlets might be necessary for efficient loading and unloading.
- Cleaning requirements: Consider the ease of cleaning the ISO tank interior, especially if you plan to transport different products. Some tanks may have specialized cleaning features.
5. New vs. Used ISO Tanks
- Budget: New ISO tanks offer the latest safety features and optimal performance, but come with a higher initial cost. Used tanks can be a more budget-friendly option, but thorough inspection and certification are crucial.
Additional Tips:
- Consult with a reputable ISO tank supplier: Experienced suppliers can provide valuable guidance based on your specific cargo and transportation needs.
- Consider leasing options: Leasing ISO tanks can be a good choice for companies with occasional bulk transport needs or those who prefer to avoid a large upfront investment.
- Focus on safety: Always ensure the ISO tank you choose meets all relevant safety regulations and is certified for transporting your specific cargo.
By following these steps and considering these additional factors, you&#;ll be well-equipped to select the right ISO tank container for your bulk transportation needs. Remember, the ideal container ensures the safe, efficient, and cost-effective movement of your valuable cargo.
Conclusion
ISO tank containers are indispensable in the global transport of liquids, providing a secure, efficient, and eco-friendly solution. Whether transporting food-grade products, chemicals, or gasses like LNG, these containers offer a range of benefits that make them a preferred choice for businesses worldwide. By understanding the different types and specifications of ISO tanks, businesses can make informed decisions to optimize their logistics operations and ensure the safe delivery of valuable liquid cargo.
Reducing air pollution and mitigating over-dependence on imported fuel sources are the main reasons for the increase in demand for compressed natural gas (CNG).
Although CNG production is at an all-time high, a major obstacle confronting the widespread acceptance of CNG is that there are not enough pipelines to transport the valuable commodity.
As the need for alternative fuel sources grows, the demand for CNG transport and storage tanks is on the rise.
At Advanced Structural Technologies, we manufacture large diameter Type 3 storage and transport solutions for CNG and other alternative/renewable energy sources. Our high-capacity/high-pressure vessels come in a variety of liner designs to suit different customer applications.
In this guide, we&#;re going to explore the available CNG storage options in the market and their suitable applications. This should empower you in choosing the appropriate alternative energy storage solution for your firm&#;s needs.
Here&#;s what we&#;ll cover:
What Is Compressed Natural Gas, or CNG?
Compressed natural gas (CNG) is an eco-friendly fuel that&#;s made by compressing methane (natural gas) to 1% of its normal volume.
Natural gas is a fossil fuel that occurs naturally when heat and pressure come into contact with organic materials. CNG should not be confused with LNG, which is natural gas in its liquid form.
CNG stored under high pressure occupies less volume, which makes it easier for transportation and storage for later use in industrial, residential, and vehicular applications.
Compressed natural gas produces CO2 and water vapor when it burns. It reduces carbon monoxide emissions by over 95%. This is why it&#;s considered the cleanest of all fossil fuels.
CNG is locally available in the USA. It&#;s also cheaper than coal and gasoline. Due to this, CNG usage as an alternative fuel is on the rise.
Compressed Natural Gas Applications
The Energy Policy of classifies CNG as an alternative fuel source to limit carbon emissions. The policy seeks to improve air quality through alternative fuels, renewable energy, and energy efficiency.
At present, CNG contributes to 30% of all the energy consumed in the United States.
40% of the total CNG goes into producing electricity. 30% goes into residential use (i.e., heating and cooking). The remaining 30% goes into industrial use.
The usage of CNG is expected to rise in the coming years due to the call to limit pollutants. Other fuel sources (e.g., petroleum and coal) are harmful to the environment and pollute the air, causing health problems.
By embracing CNG, the USA can tremendously limit its dependence on imported fuels. Natural gas is locally available in North America, which makes it a cheaper fuel source.
Compressed Natural Gas can also be enriched with hydrogen (HCNG). This is a developing, zero-emissions and clean energy market, whose adoption is driven by climate change initiatives, urban air quality levels, and the need for strategic energy independence.
Hydrogen is better suited to high-uptime, heavy transport, and remote power applications due to its advantageous refuel times and system weight (when compared to batteries).
How Is Natural Gas Transported?
After extraction from the wells, hydrogen and natural gases are treated and transported to distributors through pipelines. The distributor then transports the gas to customers in pressurized CNG tanks also known as CNG cylinders.
One reason limiting the use of CNG as a fuel source is the lack of enough pipelines to transport the gas to consumers, many of whom are off the grid from the major pipelines.
The use of virtual pipelines is considered safer for the environment. Clearing of extensive forest cover to accommodate the size of the pipelines has been detrimental to animal and tree species, especially in Pennsylvania where most CNG is mined.
Virtual/mobile pipelines involve the transportation of CNG through the road in high-pressure vessels to customers who need CNG storage on site.
For example:
- Marine vessels &#;
This
involves the use of CNG as a fuel source to run ships and boats. It also involves the transportation of CNG by sea to consumers in remote areas.
- Backup power systems
&#; A catalyst breaks up HCNG into protons and electrons. The electrons then create a flow of electricity therefore hydrogen is needed to fuel the generator.
Different methods are utilized for on-site storage. For example, HCNG is stored with further infrastructure that can compress it to the expected bar pressure.
To optimize refueling frequency, these large users of CNG need lightweight tanks to enable easy transportation for the smooth operation of their high horsepower equipment.
Natural Gas Storage Options
Compressed natural gas (CNG) is stored and transported in thick-walled pressurized tanks. These tanks are built in a long cylindrical shape with semi-spherical edges. The shape provides for the equal distribution of stresses from the pressure of the gas.
CNG tanks are made of steel, aluminum, or composite materials. There are four types of storage tanks based on the material, namely:
- Type 1
- Type 2
- Type 3
- Type 4
Buyers must understand the applicability of each type and how it suits their needs and usage.
Type 1 CNG Storage Overview
Type 1 CNG storage tanks are made of solid steel. They were the first CNG storage options available and were first introduced during the early s.
The steel walls of Type 1 CNG storage tanks are approx. 0.5 to 1.5 inches thick, making them the heaviest type of CNG storage tanks.
A standard Type 1 cylinder has a diameter of 11 inches for the smallest and 16 inches for the largest.
Type 1 cylinders have a history of reliability and durability. They can accommodate heat, sun, and scratches without getting damaged.
The Type 1 design is widely used in the industry due to its low initial cost. It&#;s also a very standard design that can be accommodated in various configurations.
Type 1 CNG storage tanks are suitable for:
- Bulk transportation
&#; Since Type 1 tanks are the thickest, they are safe for transportation of CNG in instances where low weight is not a requirement.
- Stationary ground storage
&#; Type 1 has the ability to handle varying pressures, making it ideal for permanent storage at CNG fueling stations and industries where CNG is needed on-site (e.g., for heating or to operate machinery).
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The Type 1 CNG storage tank is very heavy because it&#;s entirely made of steel. In environments where vehicle weight is an issue, Type 1 is not appropriate for the transport of compressed natural gas in large quantities.
Type 1 has also been known to crack if its maximum tensile strength is not maintained correctly. This issue can be prevented by making sure that the tank does not exceed the maximum load required.
Using high-quality, high-strength vessels is a good way to avoid problems like cracking or bursting. The use of lighter tanks will also allow transportation of CNG in bulk, eliminating the risk of the need to exceed the load.
Type 2 CNG Tank Overview
Type 2 CNG tanks are also known as hoop-wrapped because of the composite fiber wound around the cylindrical sections.
The core of a Type 2 cylinder is built of a steel liner that&#;s then wrapped in either of the following composite materials:
fiberglass
carbon fiber
wire
The metallic parts of the cylinder give the storage pressure while the wrap gives a safety factor.
Type 2 CNG tanks are light compared to Type 1. However, they are still much heavier than Type 3 and Type 4 vessels.
Type 2 cylinders are suitable for:
- High-pressure medical oxygen storage &#;
In a healthcare setting, these vessels are suitable due to their low cost and pressure needed.
- Vehicular application &#;
Personal vehicles that use CNG are growing popular, and Type 2 cylinders are mostly applied here.
Type 2 tanks are very vulnerable to corrosion, acids, and cuts, and abrasions to the wrap. They&#;re also prone to damage by UV light. They must be well-covered to keep them safe from breakage.
Type 3 CNG Tank Overview
Type 3 CNG storage cylinders are not only strong but also lighter weight. They are built of an aluminum liner that is fully wrapped with carbon fiber. The carbon fiber is wound onto the aluminum liner in alternating winding patterns (helical, high- and low-angle helical and hoop) is to provide a safety factor and more strength.
Type 3 vessels can hold very high pressures. A standard Type 3 cylinder can hold a service pressure of 3,600 psi. At AST, Inc, our Type 3 cylinders can accommodate service pressures of 3,600&#;7,500 psi.
The aluminum liner allows these cylinders to hold more volume than other tanks of the same dimensions. Type 3 vessels have the highest manufacturing costs due to their complexity and the various raw materials required to make their liner.
If you think of how much more you can get in a Type 3 tank, the cost is worth it in the long run.
When space is a factor to consider, a Type 3 is significantly better than Type 1 and Type 2 because it can hold more volume and weighs less. They reduce the cost of transportation by 50% and help save money on transport and storage expenses.
Type 3 tanks are suitable for:
- Transportation of CNG in bulk
&#; Because of the lightweight factor in Type 3 cylinders, they&#;re the best for bulk transportation of CNG. They can transport larger volumes in a few trips as compared to all other tank types.
- On-site storage of CNG
&#; Type 3 cylinders will not burst up until 20,000 psi. This makes them suitable for onsite storage for industries that need CNG on the site. They&#;re also suitable for dedicated refueling stations for fleets.
Due to the thin metallic wall around the vessel&#;s cylindrical region, this design feature can cause cyclic fatigue. This is, however, very unlikely, since the certified service pressure is lower than 20,000 psi, which is the maximum burst pressure.
Type 4 CNG Tank Overview
Type 4 CNG tanks are the lightest type of all CNG tanks. They&#;re built of a nonmetallic liner (polymer) and then fully wrapped in carbon fiber.
Due to the HDPE (high density poly ethylene) liner, Type 4 tanks are lighter than Type 3, which are made with an aluminum liner. The versatility of the Type 4 vessel has allowed it to be utilized for:
- On-site storage tank applications &#;
At CNG refueling stations for fleets, Type 4 tanks are a suitable choice due to their ability to dispense gas continuously.
- Transportation of compressed natural gas &#;
Due to being very lightweight, Type 4 cylinders are good for transportation of CNG in bulk.
A Type 4 CNG tank is the least prone to cyclic fatigue. It is, however, vulnerable to hot temperatures and is not safe when exposed to heat from sunlight for extended periods.
Type 3 vs Type 4 CNG Storage Tanks
Type 3 and Type 4 vessels are fully wrapped composite vessels that are used for transporting compressed natural gas (CNG). While they can be commonly found in various applications, they have some key differences when it comes to their intended use.
CNG Storage Tank Diameters
A standard Type 3 tank is 20&#;26 inches in diameter.
Advanced Structural Technologies manufactures CNG tanks of up to 26 inches in diameter. They are high pressure and high capacity, making them suitable for both storage and transport solutions for CNG.
CNG Storage Tank Capacity
The capacity of a CNG is expressed below in a gasoline gallon equivalent range.
How to Choose the Right CNG Storage Option
Choosing the right CNG storage option is essential for every application. When deciding which type is appropriate for the intended purpose, consider the following.
- Safety &#;
CNG transportation and storage can lead to a health hazard if the gas leaks. Always ensure the cylinders are stored well and protected from scratches and extreme heat.
- Intended application &#;
Different types of CNG tanks are appropriate for different applications. Use the right one that fits the purpose and the environment.
- Government regulations &#;
All CNG cylinder production must comply with government certifications. Follow the stipulated regulations for the country you are operating in to avoid problems.
- Budget &#;
Type 3 cylinders are the safest, but also the most expensive. It is recommended to choose Type 3 cylinders whenever cost is secondary to reliability and durability of cylinders in the field.
Large CNG Tanks
Larger CNG cylinders mean more storage, and that more is transported in a single trip thereby saving time and money.
At AST, Inc, we construct the largest tanks in diameter available today. These tanks can withstand stresses of up to 10,000 psi.
Transport More Gas
The world needs cleaner, cleaner and greener fuels and alternative energy sources. Compressed Natural Gas is a good alternative to help fill the demand. It is available domestically and diffuses into the air easily without emitting harmful compounds.
Contact us for sales and inquiries. We are happy to discuss how we can help you solve your CNG and other alternative energy storage issues.
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