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Steam Electricity

Steam powered turbines and generators account for a majority of the electricity generated in the world today.

Electricity can be generated by steam by using a steam turbine generator.  The pressure of the steam acts as a force to rotate a turbine which will produce electricity inside of a generator.  Steam electricity is usually produced in a steam turbine generator that is an impulse or reaction turbine.

The steam (high temperature water) needed to rotate the turbine and eventually be converted into electricity can come from many different sources.  Water can be heated into steam using fossil fuels, nuclear power, or a renewable energy source like the sun.

The advantages and disadvantages of steam energy depend on what source of heat is used to create the steam.  Nuclear power is a very efficient way to heat steam, but comes with a risk of nuclear disaster.  Coal power and other fossils fuels also efficiently heat water into steam but they come with a high rate of air pollution and greenhouse gas emission.  Concentrated solar power has the advantage of being a clean, renewable source of heat for a steam turbine generator but does not produce heat as efficiently as nuclear or coal power.

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Advantages

• Since the steam turbine is a rotary heat engine, it is particularly suited to drive an electrical generator.
• The thermal efficiency of a steam turbine is usually higher than that of a reciprocating engine.
• The very high power-to-weight ratio, compared to reciprocating engines.
• Fewer moving parts than reciprocating engines.
• Steam turbines are suitable for large thermal power plants. They are made in various sizes up to 1.5 GW (2,000,000 hp) turbines used to generate electricity.
• In general, steam contains a high amount of enthalpy (especially in the form of heat of vaporization). This implies lower mass flow rates compared to gas turbines.
• In general, the turbine moves in one direction only, with far less vibration than a reciprocating engine.
• Steam turbines have greater reliability, particularly in applications where sustained high power output is required.

Disadvantages

Although approximately 90% of all electricity generation in the world uses steam turbines, they also have some disadvantages.

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• Relatively high overnight cost.
• Steam turbines are less efficient than reciprocating engines at part load operation.
• They have longer startup than gas turbines and surely than reciprocating engines.
• Less responsive to changes in power demand compared with gas turbines and with reciprocating engines.