Solar inverter sizing: Choose the right size inverter

Want to learn more about the solar industry? Join us for Empower on June 5-6! You&#;ll hear from industry experts on everything from what to expect for the rest of , to how AI is affecting the industry, and more. Register Now Note: This blog was originally published in . It was updated in January, to reflect the most recent information. If you have any questions, please contact us. As you likely know, solar cells produce direct current (DC) electricity, which is then converted to alternating current (AC) electricity by a solar power inverter. Converting energy from DC to AC allows you to deliver it to the grid or use it to power buildings, both of which operate with AC electricity. When designing a solar installation, and selecting the inverter, we must consider how much DC power will be produced by the solar array and how much AC power the inverter is able to output (its power rating). This article will discuss some critical considerations for solar projects to ensure that the inverters in your designs are appropriately sized.  Specifically, we&#;ll examine the relationship between the amount of energy your solar array produces and the amount of power your inverter can output, and we&#;ll introduce the concept of inverter clipping. Are your customers asking other questions about solar basics? Answer them all by sending them our Solar for Homeowners follow-up kit.

Understanding the inverter DC-to-AC ratio

The DC-to-AC ratio &#; also known as Inverter Loading Ratio (ILR) &#; is defined as the ratio of installed DC capacity to the inverter&#;s AC power rating. It often makes sense to oversize a solar array, such that the DC-to-AC ratio is greater than 1. This allows for a greater energy harvest when production is below the inverter&#;s rating, which it typically is for most of the day. The following illustration shows what happens when the power inverter&#;s DC/AC ratio is not large enough to process the higher power output of mid-day. The power lost due to a limiting inverter AC output rating is called inverter clipping (also known as power limiting).

Figure 1: Inverter AC output over the course of a day for a system with a low DC-to-AC ratio (purple curve) and high DC-to-AC ratio (green curve). The chart represents an idealized case; in practice, power output varies considerably based on weather conditions.

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How to prevent inverter clipping

While oversizing the solar array relative to the inverter&#;s rating can help your system capture more energy throughout the day, this approach is not without costs. 

&#;Either spend money on an additional inverter or lose energy harvest to inverter clipping.&#;

What Figure 1 also shows is an effect called inverter clipping, sometimes referred to as power limiting. When the DC maximum power point (MPP) of the solar array &#; or the point at which the solar array is generating the most amount of energy &#; is greater than the inverter&#;s power rating, the &#;extra&#; power generated by the array is &#;clipped&#; by the inverter to ensure it&#;s operating within its capabilities.  The inverter effectively prevents the system from reaching its MPP, capping the power at the inverter&#;s nameplate power rating. To prevent this, it&#;s crucial to model inverter clipping to design a system with a DC-to-AC ratio greater than 1, especially in regions that frequently see an irradiance larger than the standard test conditions (STC) irradiance of W/m2 (higher levels of irradiance lead to higher power output).  The US Energy and Information Administration (EIA) states, &#;for individual systems, inverter loading ratios are usually between 1.13 and 1.30.&#; For example, consider a south-facing, 20°-tilt ground mount system in North Carolina (35.37° latitude) with a 100 kW central inverter. If we design the system with a DC-to-AC ratio of 1, it will never clip; however, we will also not fully utilize the AC capacity of the inverter. We have two options. Either spend money on an additional inverter or lose energy harvest to inverter clipping.  Knowing how much energy is clipped allows a designer to understand how effective the oversizing scheme is at increasing energy harvest, and ultimately determine what system configuration is the most cost-effective. The chart below shows three DC-to-AC ratios and their estimated losses to clipping. DC-to-AC Ratio Annual AC Energy Production Energy Lost to Clipping 1.0 163.06 MWh 0.0 MWh 1.3 193.86 MWh 1.8 MWh (0.9%) 1.5 217.24 MWh 11.0 MWh (4.8%)

Table 1: Annual energy production out of a 100 kW inverter as a function of DC-to-AC ratio. As the DC-to-AC ratio increases, so does the AC output and clipped energy.

Aurora&#;s solar design and sales software automatically takes inverter clipping into account in its performance simulations. Our system loss diagram automatically calculates the amount of energy that is clipped throughout the year and the percentage of total energy that amount represents. Aurora&#;s NEC validation report ensures designs are code-compliant and appropriately sized so installers can be confident in their work.

Types of solar inverters

Microinverters

A microinverter is a device that converts the DC output of solar modules into AC that can be used by the home. As the name suggests, they are smaller than the typical solar power inverter, coming in at about the size of a WiFi router. Microinverters are usually placed under each solar panel, in a ratio of one microinverter for every 1-4 panels. Advantages of using microverters include:

• Higher yield: The output of string inverters is capped by the least-efficient panel in the string. In contrast, microinverters use a parallel circuit, so they aren&#;t limited to the least-producing panel.
• More accurate monitoring: Since microinverters are paired to individual or grouped solar panels, users have granular access to production monitoring per panel instead of the whole system. 
• Easier expansion: Scaling up a PV system is as easy as adding one microinverter for every 1-4 new panels added to the system. 
• Rapid shutdown: Microinverters can be rapidly turned off, which is an important requirement in new electrical codes in case of accident or urgent servicing situations. 
• Longer lifespan: Microinverters can have up to 25-year warranties vs. 8-12 years for standard inverters. 

On the other hand, cons include:

• Higher acquisition cost: On average, microinverters can be over $1,000 more expensive than string inverters for a typical 5kW residential installation.
• More challenging to service or replace: Fixing or replacing a failed microinverter is more difficult, since you would need to go up to the roof, work the rack, and unbolt the panel to access the unit.

To sum it up, microinverters are best used in sites where the panels face multiple orientations, have shading issues (so that the least efficient panel doesn&#;t affect the whole system output), have a good chance of being scaled up in the future, and if the local electrical code requires a rapid shutdown capability.  To learn more about module-level power electronics, check out our article Module-Level Power Electronics (MLPE) for Solar Design: A Primer.

Central (or string) inverters

A central inverter, commonly referred to as a string inverter, is a device that converts the DC output of a string of solar panels into AC for home or commercial use. These inverters are typically larger and are installed at a central location, often near the home&#;s main electrical panel or on an external wall.  Advantages of using central inverters include:

• Cost Efficiency: String inverters are generally less expensive on a per-watt basis compared to microinverters, making them more cost-effective for larger installations.
• Established Technology: Having been around longer than microinverters, central inverters have a proven track record and are trusted by many installers.
• Less Hardware: With only one inverter needed for multiple panels, there&#;s less equipment to install and maintain on the roof.
• Easy Maintenance: Since they are usually installed in accessible locations, central inverters can be easier to service or replace than multiple rooftop microinverters.
• Performance in Ideal Conditions: In scenarios where there&#;s no shading and all panels have a consistent orientation and tilt, string inverters can perform exceptionally well.

On the other hand, cons include: 

• Shading Impact: If one panel in a string underperforms due to shading or debris, the output of the entire string can be affected.
• Limited Monitoring: String inverters do not offer granular, panel-level monitoring. If there&#;s an issue, it can be harder to determine which specific panel is underperforming.
• Shorter Lifespan: Central inverters often have a shorter lifespan than microinverters, typically needing replacement after 10-15 years.
• Less Flexibility: If you want to expand the system later, it may require a larger inverter or additional inverters, especially if the original inverter is operating near its capacity.
• Potential Single Point of Failure: If the central inverter fails, the entire solar system stops producing electricity, whereas systems with microinverters or power optimizers might only see reduced performance.

Power optimizers

Power optimizers are devices that are attached to each solar panel, similar to microinverters. However, instead of converting the DC output to AC, they &#;condition&#; the DC electricity by adjusting the voltage and current. This optimized DC power is then sent to a centralized inverter for conversion to AC. Advantages of using power optimizers include:

• Improved Efficiency: By optimizing the DC power at the panel level, power optimizers can counteract inefficiencies from shading, dirt, or panel mismatch.
• Flexible Installation: Like microinverters, power optimizers allow for panels to be placed in various orientations and tilts without compromising the entire system&#;s efficiency.
• Granular Monitoring: With individual optimizers on each panel, users can monitor the performance of each panel separately, identifying potential issues early on.
• Safe DC Voltage: Power optimizers can reduce the DC voltage to a safe level during installation, maintenance, or emergencies, ensuring safety.
• Combination Benefits: Power optimizers combine the advantages of both central inverters and microinverters, providing efficient performance with a centralized conversion system.

On the other hand, cons include: 

• Added Cost: Introducing power optimizers increases the system&#;s overall cost, as you&#;re essentially adding another component to each panel.
• Complexity: The addition of power optimizers adds complexity to the system&#;s installation and wiring, potentially leading to longer installation times or more potential points of failure.
• Maintenance Challenges: If a power optimizer fails, it may require a technician to access the roof or the panel&#;s location, which might be more challenging than servicing a centralized inverter.
• Efficiency Concerns: While power optimizers boost panel efficiency, they themselves consume some power to operate, which can slightly reduce the overall system efficiency.
• Dependence on Central Inverter: Even with power optimizers, the system still relies on a central inverter to convert DC to AC. If the inverter fails, the entire system is affected, similar to a system without optimizers.

The verdict on solar inverter sizing

• Oversizing a solar array relative to a solar power inverter&#;s rating (DC-to-AC ratio greater than one) allows for increased energy harvest throughout most of the day, especially in the morning and late afternoon.
• When a DC array produces more energy than the inverter is rated to handle, the inverter clips the excess power and caps its output at its rated power (an effect known as inverter clipping).
• An alternate approach to increase energy production while avoiding inverter clipping would be to include another inverter. When deciding what approach to take, designers must consider the trade-off between the cost of purchasing and installing an additional inverter compared to the value of the energy that will be lost due to inverter clipping if they oversize the solar array.
• When estimating the energy production of a solar project design, it&#;s important that your performance simulations take inverter clipping into account (as Aurora does automatically), in order to ensure production results accurately reflect the system size of the design.

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Solar inverter FAQs

What is a solar power inverter?

A solar power inverter is an essential element of a photovoltaic system that makes electricity produced by solar panels usable in the home. It is responsible for converting the direct current (DC) output produced by solar panels into alternating current (AC) that can be used by household appliances and can be fed back into the electrical grid.

What does a solar power inverter do?

A solar power inverter converts direct current (DC) output into alternating current (AC) for use in standard electronics, appliances, and more. 

How does a solar power inverter work?

Solar panels produce electricity in direct current (DC). Direct current is basically electricity flowing in one direction. The problem is, homes and businesses run on alternating current (AC), which is electricity reversing directions many times per second. A solar power inverter runs direct current through two or more resistors that switch off and on many times per second to feed a two-sided transformer, creating alternating current usable in homes. 

How long does a solar inverter last?

A solar power inverter typically lasts 10-15 years, so you&#;ll probably have to replace it some time during the life of a solar system. 

What is a good DC-to-AC ratio?

A 1:0.8 ratio (or 1.25 ratio) is the sweet spot for minimizing potential losses and improving efficiency. DC/AC ratio refers to the output capacity of a PV system compared to the processing capacity of an inverter. It&#;s logical to assume a 9 kWh PV system should be paired with a 9 kWh inverter (a 1:1 ratio, or 1 ratio). But that&#;s not the case. Most PV systems don&#;t regularly produce at their nameplate capacity, so choosing an inverter that&#;s around 80 percent lower capacity than the PV system&#;s nameplate output is ideal.

In today&#;s world, many people are looking for ways to harness renewable energy, and solar power is at the forefront of this movement. If you&#;ve ever considered going solar, you might have come across the term &#;5kVA solar inverter.&#; But what exactly does this mean? In this guide, we&#;ll break down everything you need to know about 5kVA solar inverters, their benefits, and how they fit into your solar energy system.

What is a 5kVA Solar Inverter?

Before diving into specifics, let&#;s clarify what an inverter does. Simply put, an inverter is a device that converts direct current (DC) electricity generated by solar panels into alternating current (AC) electricity, which is what most household appliances use. The term &#;5kVA&#; refers to the inverter&#;s capacity to handle loads up to 5 kilovolt-amperes. This means it can support a certain amount of power demand in your home.

Why 5kVA?

The &#;kVA&#; measurement is important. It stands for kilovolt-amperes and measures apparent power. For household use, this translates to about 4kW of usable power, depending on your appliances and their power factors. A 5kVA inverter is a great choice for small to medium households that wish to run multiple devices simultaneously, such as lights, fans, refrigerators, and other electrical appliances.

How Does a 5kVA Solar Inverter Work?

To understand how a 5kVA solar inverter works, let&#;s break down the process into a few simple steps:

1. Solar Panels Generate DC Power: Your solar panels absorb sunlight and convert it into DC electricity.
2. Inverter Converts DC to AC: The 5kVA inverter takes this DC electricity and converts it into AC electricity that your home can use.
3. Power Distribution: The AC power is then distributed to various appliances in your home.
4. Grid Connection (if applicable): If you&#;re connected to the grid, any excess power generated can be fed back into the grid, allowing you to earn credits or offset your energy bill.

Advantages of a 5kVA Solar Inverter

There are several benefits to choosing a 5kVA solar inverter for your home:

Advantage Description Cost-Effective A 5kVA inverter is generally more affordable than larger models, making it accessible for families looking to go solar without breaking the bank. Sufficient Power Supply Ideal for small to medium households, it can handle most daily energy needs effectively. Easy Installation Many 5kVA inverters are compact and easy to install, often requiring less space than larger units. Energy Efficiency Modern inverters come with advanced technology that maximizes energy conversion rates, minimizing waste. Grid-Tied Options Many models can work in conjunction with the grid, allowing for additional savings and efficiency through net metering.

Choosing the Right 5kVA Solar Inverter

When selecting a 5kVA solar inverter, consider the following factors:

1. Type of Inverter

There are different types of inverters available:

• String Inverters: These are the most common and are connected to a series of solar panels. They are ideal for installations with minimal shading.
• Microinverters: These are smaller inverters attached to each solar panel. They are useful in situations where panels may receive uneven sunlight.
• Hybrid Inverters: These can work with both solar panels and batteries, allowing for energy storage.

2. Efficiency Ratings

Look for inverters with high efficiency ratings (typically above 90%). The higher the efficiency, the more of the generated power will be usable in your home.

3. Warranty and Support

A good warranty (typically 5 to 10 years) is crucial. It indicates the manufacturer&#;s confidence in their product. Additionally, check for customer support options.

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4. Price and Brand

Do your research on various brands. Prices can vary significantly, so it&#;s important to find a balance between quality and cost.

Installing Your 5kVA Solar Inverter

Steps to Installation

1. Site Assessment: A professional should assess your home&#;s roof and electrical systems to determine the best setup.
2. Design and Permits: Your installer will create a design and obtain the necessary permits.
3. Installation: This involves mounting the solar panels and inverter, connecting wiring, and setting up the electrical systems.
4. Inspection: Before going live, your system will be inspected to ensure everything is up to code.
5. Grid Connection: If connected to the grid, your utility company will need to approve the setup.

Maintenance Tips

Once your 5kVA solar inverter is installed, it&#;s essential to keep it running smoothly. Here are some maintenance tips:

• Regular Inspections: Check the inverter for any error messages or warning lights.
• Clean Panels: Keep your solar panels clean to ensure maximum sunlight absorption.
• Watch for Shading: Ensure that trees or other structures aren&#;t shading your panels.
• Monitor Performance: Use monitoring tools to track energy production and consumption.

Conclusion

A 5kVA solar inverter can be a fantastic investment for anyone looking to tap into the power of solar energy. It provides an efficient, cost-effective way to manage your home&#;s energy needs while contributing to a greener planet. Whether you&#;re driven by savings, environmental concerns, or both, a solar inverter is a key component of any solar energy system.

So, if you&#;re thinking about going solar, take your time to research and choose the right inverter that fits your needs. Your future self&#;and the environment&#;will thank you!

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FAQs

1. What appliances can a 5kVA solar inverter run?

A 5kVA solar inverter can typically handle multiple appliances, including lights, fans, refrigerators, televisions, and even smaller air conditioners, depending on their combined wattage.

2. Can I run my inverter without solar panels?

Technically, yes, but the inverter won&#;t be able to generate power on its own. It requires solar panels to convert sunlight into electricity.

3. What happens during a power outage?

If your inverter is grid-tied and there&#;s a power outage, it will automatically shut down for safety reasons. However, if you have a hybrid inverter with battery storage, you may still have power.

4. How long do solar inverters last?

Most solar inverters last between 5 to 15 years, depending on the type and how well they are maintained.

5. Can I upgrade my inverter later?

Yes, if you find your energy needs have increased, you can upgrade your inverter to a larger model. Just consult with a solar professional for guidance.

6. Is it worth investing in a solar inverter?

Absolutely! Investing in a solar inverter is a crucial step towards reducing your electricity bills and minimizing your carbon footprint.

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