Questions to ask when making a battery buying decision.

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Because of the growing number of performance rating schemes and/or ways to value your buying decision in the market today, it has become difficult to make a decision that doesn&#;t come with some form of buyer&#;s remorse at a later date. The following are some of the more obvious things to watch out for when buying:

• Some companies rate their Reserve Capacities (minutes that the battery will deliver a discharge current) at 23 amps instead of the industry standard (BCI published) way of establishing Reserve Capacity at 25 amps.
• Amp Hour (AH) ratings can be at 5-hour, 10-hour, 20-hour and even 100-hour rates, so make sure you compare the same rate.
• Cranking Amps (the ability of the battery to deliver a higher starting current over a shorter period for engine starting) are given at different temperatures, so make sure that you compare the published &#;Cranking Amps&#; of each battery at the same temperature. CCA or Cold Cranking Amps at 0°F/-18°C is the industry standard rating. You may see ratings published at CA, MCA, MCCA and HCA. All reputable suppliers will publish the CCA.

Some companies have invented their own rating system by recognizing that the process of comparing deep-cycle batteries should be simplified. An American-based manufacturer of batteries invented a new labelling system incorporating the &#;Lifetime Energy Unit&#; (LEU). This was their attempt to help a buyer determine the lifetime performance and value of any given battery in the market. Simply stated, and in the words of the SANTA FE SPRINGS, CA. Manufacturer,  &#;Lifetime Energy Units " signifies the kilowatt-hours of energy a battery delivers over its lifetime. The bigger the number, the total work the battery can perform. Before introducing LEUs, accurately determining battery performance and value required complex calculations. Engineers compute the true worth of a battery as the total energy it contains, measured in kilowatt-hours (KWH). To derive a number for KWH, they build a curve that profiles the relationship between runtime and the number of cycles. The area under the curve is the total energy the battery delivers over its lifetime. When amp-hours are multiplied by battery voltage, the result is the battery's capacity in watt-hours. The next step - comparing a battery's value - is also simplified. By dividing the LEU by the battery's price, the prospective purchaser obtains a value figure (energy units per dollar) that ensures an apples-to-apples comparison between competing products.&#;

Discover ultimately rejects this position. As with the variations in determining Reserve Capacity and Cranking Amps mentioned earlier, this is NOT a recognized Battery Council International (BCI) method for rating or comparing batteries as suggested by the manufacturer. The manufacturer leaves out the exact method of determining LEUs, for an exact comparison to be done, which was their stated purpose for establishing the rating. This creates a situation where two suppliers could use two sets of methodologies to determine their respective LEUs, making reasonable comparisons impossible. This implies that the LEU idea or concept is simply a marketing tool with no real scientific basis for engineers, as the manufacturer suggests.

LEUs &#; as a way of helping buyers make an informed decision &#; would work very well if the buyer was given some additional pieces of data (data that IS available from other manufacturers and that could be used to make meaningful comparisons):

1. The exact discharge control methods (test procedures) used in determining the battery's &#;Cycle Time&#; (what discharge rate and to what depth is the battery discharged?).
2. Whether or not the batteries can be pre-conditioned before running the procedure.
3. The resulting ampere hours of power discharged per cycle
4. The recharge control methods (test procedures) before the next discharge procedure.
5. The exact control methods used in determining the battery's &#;Life Cycles.&#;
6. The resulting ampere hours of power discharged over the life of the battery.

In addition to the problems listed above for making good performance comparisons amongst different batteries, using the LEU marketing tool to make a serious value comparison is equally flawed. The value comparison requires more detail. Some, but certainly not all, of the issues to be examined and required in determining value are:

1. Time and Supply costs associated with servicing the battery (as recommended by the manufacturer) to ensure it achieves its assumed life cycles.
2. Costs associated with Workers' Safety and Clothing needs (as recommended by the manufacturer).
3. The cost associated with Environmental Issues, Storage and Equipment Damage resulting from the emission of free hydrogen molecules during discharge and recharge.
4. Freight/time costs and/or restrictions related to shipping.

If these data were known, the buyer could then determine the true energy units per dollar or lifetime energy value as suggested by the manufacturer who introduced the LEU calculation.

What to consider when buying a deep-cycle battery

It is our opinion that to determine the actual best &#;bang for your buck&#; for batteries in cycling applications, you should gather the following information and perform the following calculations:

Information gathering before buying? Determine the amount of energy the battery will deliver in its life using test procedures recognized by worldwide manufacturers and published in the BCI technical manual. This information should be available from all manufacturers and should include the following:

• Discharge current used (25Amps, 75Amps, 20-hour rate, etc.)
• Discharge time (Cycle Life) to an effective 100% depth of discharge (1.75 volts per cell)
• Discharge cycles (Life Cycles) achieved before the battery could not deliver at least 50% of its original rated capacity

NOTE: Different types of batteries use test procedures that allow different end-of-life criteria. For example, an electric vehicle or standard deep-cycle product would be considered at its end of life when it could not deliver 50% of its rated capacity. At the same time, a golf cart battery would not be determined to be at its end of life until it could produce at least 1.75 volts per cell during 40 minutes of discharge at 75 amperes. 

Determine the number of times the battery will be serviced in its lifetime, as the manufacturer recommends. It is important to use the manufacturer's recommended service schedule. For time/cost analysis, we recommend you use an average of 10 minutes per service per battery. 

Determine the average per hour/minute labour costs in your organization. This number varies by region and industry - should not include anything but direct labour costs. You can safely use a figure of $18.00 - $25.00 per hour ($.30 - $.42 per minute) ( dollars) without benefits etc. One transit authority stated that their direct labour cost associated with maintaining batteries in each transit bus was $180.00 per year; another stated it was as high as $550 per battery. We suggest using $22.00 as an average hourly cost ($.367 per minute). 

Cost of service materials over the life of the battery, such as; distilled or specially treated water - using a per cell fluid usage by volume of 20% on an average cell volume of 2.35l/80oz and a 75% consumption efficiency or between $.02-$.04 per oz. Battery fluid volumes are as low as 5l/169oz and as high as 16l/540oz; cleaning and neutralizing agents at 1oz per battery or $.25 per battery per service; special clothing; repair and replacement of battery boxes and trays and more.

Cost Per Battery

• Purchase price of the battery
• Freight or handling charges (overland or can they be shipped through courier or air)

Calculating Cost to Own

Estimate the cost of materials used when servicing the battery as the manufacturer recommends. For comparison, it is reasonable to use just $1.70 each time for distilled water, cleaning and neutralizing agents and ignore the other variable costs. Multiply this amount by the years the manufacturer says the battery will last in the application. Multiply the result by the number of times the manufacturer says the battery should be serviced per year to achieve the published life expectancy. Our experience shows that most manufacturers will recommend your service flooded batteries at least once a month. 

Two of the &#;World's&#; leading manufacturers and sellers of Flooded, GEL and AGM Deep-cycle batteries state the following on their websites:  &#;Flooded batteries need water. More importantly, watering must be done at the right time and in the right amount or the battery&#;s performance and longevity suffers. Water should always be added after fully charging the battery. Before charging, there should be enough water to cover the plates.&#; This would suggest that the world&#;s leading manufacturers of flooded deep-cycle batteries recommend that service is required, particularly as the battery ages, BEFORE and AFTER every charge/discharge cycle. In some cases, they suggest that failing to do so will void the warranty. If you cycle the battery two times per week, the battery will last approximately three years following the manufacturer's recommended service procedures. This means your per battery service material costs will be at least $1.70 x 12 services per year x 3 years = $61.20. If you serve as the manufacturers suggest, it will be as much as $1.70 x 104 services per year x 3 years = $530.40. Our experience shows that for a battery to last three years when being cycled two times per week, it needs to be serviced at least once every four cycles or bi-monthly. $1.70 x 3 years x 26 services = $132.60 per battery. Every user of deep-cycle batteries is familiar with dried &#;rotten egg&#; smelling batteries, the result of NOT maintaining a proper service schedule over the battery's life.

NOTE: when asked, more than 80% of equipment managers could not produce or describe a &#;battery service schedule&#; - for equipment under their supervision that uses cycling batteries.

In our opinion, if you were to match a quality flooded battery against a Discover Semi Traction EV Dry Cell AGM or GEL battery of the same size and AH rating for use in the same application, you would find the total cost of ownership to be higher for the flooded battery option. Discover Semi Traction EV Dry Cell AGM or GEL batteries require less service, and as a result, with proper charging methods, Discover batteries will out-value flooded batteries. It is more likely that the standards of service for the flooded batteries will not be met in the real world. Therefore, it will not meet the manufacturer's required levels to achieve maximum life.

Additionally, when considering flooded versus Dry Cell AGM or GEL, one must also consider other inconveniences and/or costs associated with servicing, working with or having sensitive equipment around flooded batteries. These would include, but are not limited to:

• damaged and/or special clothing
• battery compartment repairs
• air quality problems
• workers compensation claims
• occupational health issues
• hazardous materials handling requirements
• shipping restrictions
• damage to service areas from acid and corrosive by-product spills

We feel the more competitive and demanding the channel (jobber/installer/large user/rental equipment), the more compelling and feasible the switch to Discover Semi Traction EV Dry Cell AGM or GEL batteries becomes. The larger the bank of batteries used, the more important costs associated with service and the more compelling and feasible the switch to Discover batteries becomes.

Modularity and standardization are often cited as ways to drive down microgrid prices. But what else should you explore to ensure you get the most cost-efficient, high-performance microgrid energy storage system? Ask your potential supplier these questions before you buy.

1. How easy and expensive is it to scale storage capacity to cover our potential future needs?

Make sure the solution you choose deals with the uncertainty of future demands in a sensible way. Ideally, it meets your current capacity expectations and can be scaled up easily and efficiently &#; potentially even more cheaply in the future.

As costs for energy storage are on a downward trend, according to BloombergNEF and other analysts, future purchases are likely to be less expensive.  

&#;Some developers buy oversized energy storage systems just to be on the safe side. That often wastes money,&#; cautions Lars Kruse, Energy Storage Director at intelligent battery energy storage system producer XOLTA. 

For example, he explains, the physical footprint of each 79 kWh XOLTA battery &#;building block&#; is just 73 cm x 85 cm &#; more like LEGO® bricks than the larger DUPLO®-sized products others sell. And upscaling the electrical size matches the compact physical size of the XOLTA battery rack itself.

The physical footprint of each 79 kWh XOLTA battery &#;building block&#; is a convenient 73cmx85cm. There is no need to overinvest in storage capacity.

&#;It&#;s much more convenient,&#; he says. &#;You just select the size you need now, and when and if you need more capacity, it&#;s easy to scale up by small increments over time. You don&#;t have to over-invest.&#; 

2. How agile are you?

Standardization clearly helps keep costs down. However, small- to-medium-sized microgrid developers, in particular, can often benefit from the ability to adapt standard solutions to meet their specific needs. Transparency on the supplier&#;s part also makes the process go more smoothly.

&#;Since customers don&#;t always know exactly what they need or want, strict standardization is not necessarily in the developer&#;s or the customer&#;s best interests,&#; says XOLTA&#;s Bendt Iversen, Business Development Director. As he points out, XOLTA&#;s BAT-79 battery energy storage system can be used for microgrids as-is or can include developer-specific modifications.

If you are looking for more details, kindly visit CH Tech.

&#;Our engineering service allows some adaptation of our system to meet a project&#;s specific requirements,&#; Iversen says. &#;Sometimes it&#;s the little change that makes the big difference to a project.&#;

Adds XOLTA Energy Storage Director Kruse: &#;We can grant access to battery data and control at a level where others do not appear to. There&#;s lots of transparency regarding what the product does from a software standpoint, too.&#;

What&#;s more, he explains, XOLTA&#;s extensive in-house expertise enables them to be more agile than most manufacturers. The battery rack with HVAC, LiBAL BMS, site controller and intelligent Cloud solution all are created onsite. &#;We don&#;t have to depend on others, which makes us able to serve customers quickly,&#; Kruse asserts.

Extensive inhouse expertise enables XOLTA to be more agile than most manufacturers. The battery rack with HVAC, LiBAL BMS and site controller are all created onsite.

3. How committed are you to renewable energy storage?

As microgrids transition from fossil fuel dependence to the inclusion of more and more renewable energy sources, it&#;s important to think intelligent energy storage of both into retrofits and new projects. Where do your potential energy storage partner&#;s loyalties lie? And how much experience do they have with renewable energy?

The chances of a good working relationship and successful project increase when all parties have the same core values.

Global research analysts Wood Mackenzie believe that microgrids will become increasingly reliant on renewable technologies. Reflecting on their U.S. microgrid research, released in July , analyst Isaac Maze-Rothstein says: &#;Through our five-year forecast we are optimistic that solar, wind, hydropower and energy storage will grow to account for 35% of annually installed capacity by .&#;

Wood Mackenzie&#;s forecast takes into account how the coronavirus will impact microgrids over the next five years.

While some energy management activities have been put on hold during the pandemic, energy management is &#;poised to prevail,&#; according to the Deloitte Resources Study. Among Deloitte&#;s findings: 44% of businesses in the U.S. have considered implementing a microgrid, up 9 points from .

4. Where do the product&#;s components come from?

Regardless of the cost of the energy storage solution you&#;re considering, make sure you find out where the components come from and where the product itself is manufactured. Are you truly getting good value with what appears on the surface to be the cheapest solution?

Don&#;t settle for anything but top-tier components and assembly. Also, make sure that inverters are grid compliant and certified in markets you are targeting.

5. How easy is your storage solution to install and service?

At the risk of stating the obvious, even the cheapest product is too expensive if it is difficult to install, breaks down frequently or takes a long time to repair. Make sure the energy storage solution you&#;ve got your eye on has a good track record on all counts.

Ask for details regarding installation, service and repairs. And don&#;t hesitate to contact some of the supplier&#;s previous customers to hear about their experience with the product and people. The most useful reviews come from those who don&#;t have anything to lose by being honest.

Easy installation makes a big difference for the establishment of a microgrid

6. How will you treat my project and me?

If your potential supplier resembles David more than Goliath, make sure they have excellent credentials and secure financial backing. You want them not only to be great at their job now, but also to be around long-term.

If they&#;re one of the big players, listen to your gut when you look at their credentials. Your project deserves individual attention to detail, agility and engaged support from the supplier&#;s staff. Be certain they walk the talk.

7. Does your company write self-promotional articles like this with the hope of getting new partners?

Guilty as charged. That being said, we at XOLTA do believe in &#; and practice &#; everything we&#;ve written here. And we sincerely hope the information will help you as you do your research.

Just let us know if you have any more questions. We wish you the best of luck as you develop your microgrid!

Does this describe you?

You . . .

• Develop microgrids from 79 kWh up to roughly 2 MWh in Africa, Europe, the Middle East or Oceania
• Are ambitious about renewable energy
• Have in-house project management and installation competence (and demand superior quality, easy-to-install, easy-to-service products)
• Need an intelligent energy storage solution that is modular, easily scalable and can be adjusted to meet your specific project needs
• Want to be able to work with multiple energy management partners
• Value transparency in products and people
• Expect a supplier to act like a partner

If so, you might want to get to know XOLTA.

About XOLTA

Scores of XOLTA intelligent battery energy storage systems are at work in locations around the world. Headquartered in Denmark, XOLTA offers solutions for microgrid projects ranging from 79 kWh up to roughly 2 MWh energy storage capacity. Currently, we&#;re working on microgrid projects in Afghanistan, Africa and Greece.

XOLTA is a division of LiTHIUM BALANCE, a pioneer and global leader in battery management systems. That&#;s why safety, performance and reliability are built into all XOLTA batteries. XOLTA&#;s owner, Sensata Technologies, is also one of the world&#;s leading suppliers of sensing, electrical protection, control and power management solutions.

If you want to know more about this and other topics directly from end users of energy storage technologies join us at one of these annual events: The Energy Storage World Forum (Grid Scale Applications), or The Residential Energy Storage Forum, or one of our Training Courses.

For more Commercial Energy Storage(tl,nl,cs)information, please contact us. We will provide professional answers.