How do you specify a drilling machine?

No doubt you&#;ve encountered a variety of drilling machines for different applications. There is a surprising variety of forms, sizes and complexities of such devices, so we offer here a review of the key types and how you might use them. From handheld drills to multi-head turret drills, each type has its own particular quirks, advantages, disadvantages, and use-cases. 

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This article is a way for us to share our experience with making holes in different ways, using a range of machines, from simple to more exotic, found across our shops. We hope it&#;s useful to you to help sort out the complexities of what can be a pretty simple process!

Let&#;s Begin - What Is a Drilling Machine?

You probably already know that a drilling machine is used to make holes. The machine's purpose is to hold a drill bit or other form of cutter rigidly and traverse it along the spindle axis to cut the required holes. In reality, some machines move the workpiece rather than the cutter, while others can move both as required.

A drilling machine's speed is necessarily adjustable, to suit the type of cutter, the material being worked, and the precision/surface quality needed in the hole. The feed or plunge rate into the workpiece can be altered either manually or automatically, depending on the complexity of the machine you&#;re using.

Drilling machines can be mounted directly to a concrete floor or a work table, or they can even be portable or for freehand use. We have seen it done in multiple ways. Figure 1 below is a diagram of a fairly typical simple drill press, with a manually positioned workpiece you locate and restrain by hand or by clamping it in a vice, which may or may not be itself clamped to the table:

Prior to selecting a drill bit, it is very important to determine the size and depth of the hole you are drilling. When doing work with screws, pilot holes are very important to prevent the wood from splitting. The diameter of the drill bit for the pilot hole should be the same as the diameter of your screw without the threads.

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If you plan on tapping the hole that you are drilling, that is, threading it so that you can screw a bolt in, look up the proper pilot hole sizes for the bolt you plan on threading. If you know the size of the bolt, you can use this chart.

Screwdriver bits (farthest right) are useful when using a hand drill to drive screws; they do not drill holes of any kind.

Twist drill bits (second from the right) are the most frequently used and are generally used for cutting smaller, more standard holes into the material, including wood and metal. When you are planning on drilling a large hole with a twist drill bit, make sure to start with a smaller drill bit and widen the hole in stages; starting with a large bit can create a sloppy hole, make the bit more easily walk, and it might take very long to get through the material. This is important to consider once you start using drill bits greater than or equal to a quarter inch.

Forstner bits (middle) are capable of drilling large holes in wood and can go either partially or completely through the material. Forstner bits can also be used to drill angled holes into the material.

Spade bits (second from left) can more easily bore large holes into wood than a twist drill bit, and the holes can either go through the material partially or completely.

Hole saw bits (farthest left) are capable of drilling larger holes than spade bits, but cannot make partial cuts. Depending on what kind of saw the bit is made of, hole saw bits can be used on wood or metal.

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