Advantages, disadvantages and applications of crystal ...

Advantages:

There are some advantages of crystal oscillator which are given below,

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• The crystal oscillator has very low frequency drift due to change in temperature and other parameters.
• The crystal oscillator Q is very high.
• It has Automatic amplitude control.
• It has very high frequency stability.
• The crystal oscillator is possible to obtain very high precise and stable frequency of oscillators.
• It has High frequency of operation.

Disadvantages:

There are some disadvantages of crystal oscillator which are given below,

• Crystals of low fundamental frequencies are not easily available.
• These are suitable for high frequency application.

Applications:

There are some important application of crystal oscillator which are given below,

• The crystal oscillators are used in radio and TV transmitters.
• It is used as a crystal clock in microprocessors.
• It is used in the frequency synthesizers.
• It is used in special types of receivers.

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To analyse the electrical response of a quartz crystal resonator, it is very often useful to depict it as the equivalent electrical components that would be needed to replace it. 

This equivalent circuit is can then be used to analyse its response and predict its performance as in the diagram below:

The equivalent circuit given below is often called the 4-parameter crystal model and it is sufficient for many calculations and to illustrate the operation of the crystal.

The 4 parameter theoretical equivalent circuit of a quartz crystal showing the series resistance, capacitance and inductance together with a parallel capacitance

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Quartz crystal theoretical equivalent circuit

It is possible to equate these theoretical constituent components to real physical attributes of the crystal:

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L: 

The inductance arises from the mass of the material.

C1:

 This capacitance arises from the compliance of the crystal.

R: 

This element arises from the losses in the system. The largest of these arises from the frictional losses of the mechanical vibration of the crystal.

Co:

 This capacitance in the theoretical quartz crystal equivalent circuit arises from the capacitance between the electrodes of the crystal element. This is often refered to as the shunt capacitance.

Apart from their use in oscillators, quartz crystals find uses in filters. Here they offer levels of performance that cannot be achieved by other forms of filter. 

Often several crystals may be used in one filter to provide the correct shape.

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Quartz Crystal

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